Draft:Participants of World War I
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The two main groups of the participants of World War I were the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. This article contains lists of participants of World War I (in alphabetical order) until the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920).
Allies and Associated Powers/The Entente[edit]
The Allies were a group of countries that fought the Central Powers. They were (in order of joining): Serbia, the Russian Empire (later the Russian Republic), France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, Portugal, Romania, the United States, Greece, and many others.
List[edit]
- Colonies, condominiums, countries, occupations, protectorates, and territories
Party | Active in | Strength | Deaths | Explanation | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alash Autonomy | |||||
Canada | since 4 August 1914 | 620,000 | 67,000 killed 173,000 wounded |
[1][2] | |
since 18 July 1918 | 4,792 | Unknown | [3] |
- Centro-Caspian Dictatorship
- Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly
- Commonwealth of Australia
- Czechoslovak Republic
- Dominion of New Zealand
- Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
- Idrisid Emirate of Asir
- Empire of Japan (since 23 August 1914)[4]
- Interim Southern Islands
- Japanese concession in Chongqing
- Japanese concession in Hangzhou
- Japanese concession in Hankou
- Japanese concession in Shashi
- Japanese concession in Suzhou
- Japanese concession in Tianjin
- Japanese Korea
- Japanese occupied Chinese Eastern Railway
- Japanese occupied Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
- Japanese occupied Republic of China
- Japanese occupied Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Japanese Taiwan
- Kwantung Leased Territory
- South Manchuria Railway Zone
- French Republic
- Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë
- British and French occupied Togoland Protectorate (since 26 August 1914)[5]
- Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies
- Colony of New Caledonia
- Crozet Islands
- French Algeria
- Equatorial Africa
- French concession in Hankou
- French concession in Shamian
- French concession in Tianjin
- French Guiana
- French establishments in India
- French occupied Republic of Alsace-Lorraine
- French occupied German Cameroon
- French occupied German Realm
- French occupied Kingdom of Bulgaria
- French occupied Principality of Albania
- French occupied Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- French protectorate in Morocco
- Tunisian Realm
- French Somaliland
- French West Africa
- Guadeloupe
- Île Amsterdam
- Île Saint-Paul
- Îles des Saintes
- Indochinese Union
- Kerguelen Islands
- Kunming–Hekou railway
- La Désirade
- Marie-Galante
- Martinique
- Mayotte
- New Hebrides Condominium
- Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
- Réunion
- Saint Barthélemy
- Saint Martin
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- Settlements in Oceania
- Shanghai French Concession
- General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia
- Khedivate of Egypt
- Kingdom of Belgium (since 4 August 1914)[6]
- Belgian concession in Tianjin
- Belgian Congo (since 15 August 1914)[7]
- Belgian occupied East African Territories (since 6 May 1916)[8]
- Neutral Moresnet (since 4 August 1914)[9][a]
- Kingdom of Greece
- Kingdom of Italy
- Albanian Republic
- Italian concession of Tientsin
- Italian Eritrea
- Italian North Africa
- Italian occupied Islands of the Aegean
- Italian occupied Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen
- Italian occupied Principality of Albania
- Italian occupied Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Italian occupied The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council
- Italian occupied The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen
- Italian Somaliland
- Majeerteen Sultanate
- Sultanate of Hobyo
- Kingdom of Montenegro
- Kingdom of Nepal
- Kingdom of Romania
- Kingdom of Serbia
- National Committee for Silesia
- National Council of the Duchy of Cieszyn
- Newfoundland
- Polish Liquidation Committee
- Portuguese Republic (since 9 March 1916)[12]
- Principality of Albania
- Principality of Andorra
- Provisional All-Russian Government
- Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia
- Provisional Government of National Defence
- Provisional Government of Siberia
- Provisional Government of Vladivostok
- Provisional Government of the Amur Region
- Provisional Government of the Northern Region
- Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan
- Provisional Siberian Government
- Provisional Siberian Government
- Republic of Armenia
- Republic of China
- Republic of China
- Republic of Costa Rica
- Republic of Cuba
- Republic of Guatemala
- Republic of Haiti
- Republic of Honduras
- Republic of Liberia
- Republic of Nicaragua
- Republic of Panama
- Republic of Zakopane
- Provisional Government of the Transbaikal Region
- Republic of the United States of Brazil
- Rattanakosin Kingdom
- Russian Empire
- Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
- Chinese Eastern Railway
- General Government of Galicia and Bukovina
- Grand Principality of Finland
- Russian concession in Hankou
- Russian concession in Tianjin
- Russian occupied German Realm
- Russian occupied Sublime Ottoman State
- Russian occupied Sublime State of Persia
- Russian occupied The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen
- Special Transcaucasian Committee
- Russian Republic
- Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
- Chinese Eastern Railway
- Grand Principality of Finland
- Russian concession in Hankou
- Russian concession in Tianjin
- Russian occupied Sublime Ottoman State
- Russian occupied Sublime State of Persia
- Special Transcaucasian Committee
- State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
- Supreme Administration of the Northern Region
- The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz
- Trans Caspian Provisional Government
- Union of South Africa
- Transcaucasian Commissariat
- Transcaucasian occupied Ottoman Sublime State
- Transcaucasian occupied Sublime State of Persia
- Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
- Transcaucasian occupied Ottoman Sublime State
- Transcaucasian occupied Sublime State of Persia
- Ufa Directory
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- Aden Protectorate
- Alawi Sheikhdom
- Aqrabi Sheikhdom
- Bu`si Sheikhdom
- Emirate of Beihan
- Emirate of Dhala
- Dathina Sheikhdom
- Dhubi Sheikhdom
- Fadhli Sultanate
- Hadrami Sheikhdom
- Hawshabi Sultanate of Musaymir
- Kathiri State of Seiyun in Hadhramaut
- Lower Aulaqi Sultanate
- Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotrat
- Mawsata State
- Muflahi Sheikhdom
- Qu'aiti State in Hadhramaut
- Sheikhdom of Shaib
- State of Upper Yafa
- Subeihi Sultanate
- Sultanate of Lahej
- Sultanate of Lower Yafa
- Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
- Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
- Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf
- Wahidi Sultanate of Bir Ali
- Wahidi Sultanate of Habban
- Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
- Ascension Island
- Bailiwick of Guernsey
- Bailiwick of Jersey
- Baker Island
- Basutoland
- Bechuanaland Protectorate
- Bermuda
- British and French occupied Togoland Protectorate
- British concession in Amoy
- British concession in Hankou
- British concession in Jiujiang
- British concession in Shamian
- British concession in Tianjin
- British concession in Zhenjiang
- British Cyprus
- British Guiana
- British Honduras
- British Mauritius
- British occupied German Cameroon
- British occupied German East Africa
- British occupied German New Guinea
- British occupied Khedivate of Egypt
- British occupied Kingdom of Bulgaria
- British occupied Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- British occupied Russian Soviet Republic
- British occupied Sublime Ottoman State
- British occupied Sublime State of Persia
- British Protectorate of Uganda
- British Togoland
- British Trinidad and Tobago
- British Somaliland Protectorate
- British Western Pacific Territories
- Heard Island and McDonald Islands
- Indian Empire
- Aden Protectorate
- Alawi Sheikhdom
- Aqrabi Sheikhdom
- Bu`si Sheikhdom
- Emirate of Beihan
- Emirate of Dhala
- Dathina Sheikhdom
- Dhubi Sheikhdom
- Fadhli Sultanate
- Hadrami Sheikhdom
- Hawshabi Sultanate of Musaymir
- Kathiri State of Seiyun in Hadhramaut
- Lower Aulaqi Sultanate
- Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotrat
- Mawsata State
- Muflahi Sheikhdom
- Qu'aiti State in Hadhramaut
- Sheikhdom of Shaib
- State of Upper Yafa
- Subeihi Sultanate
- Sultanate of Lahej
- Sultanate of Lower Yafa
- Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
- Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
- Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf
- Wahidi Sultanate of Bir Ali
- Wahidi Sultanate of Habban
- State of Bahrain
- Sheikhdom of Kuwait
- Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
- The Trucial States of the Coast of Oman
- State of Qatar
- Kingdom of Tonga
- New Hebrides Condominium
- Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
- Union Islands
- Aden Protectorate
- State of Brunei
- Ceylon
- Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
- Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone
- Colony of Barbados
- Colony of Jamaica
- Colony of the Bahamas
- Colony of the Gold Coast
- Company rule in Rhodesia
- Crown Colony of the Island of Malta and its Dependencies
- East Africa Protectorate
- Falkland Islands
- Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands
- Federal Colony of the Windward Islands
- Federated Malay States
- Gambia Colony and Protectorate
- Gibraltar
- Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
- Hong Kong
- Isle of Man
- Jarvis Island
- Kingdom of Sarawak
- Nyasaland Protectorate
- Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
- Phoenix Islands
- Saint Helena
- Seychelles
- Sheikhdom of Kuwait
- State of North Borneo
- Straits Settlements
- Sultanate of Egypt
- Sultanate of the Maldive Islands
- Sultanate of Zanzibar
- Swaziland Protectorate
- Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands
- Tristan da Cunha
- Unfederated Malay States
- Victoria Land
- Weihaiwei
- Aden Protectorate
- United States of America
- American occupied Republic of Cuba
- American occupied Republic of Haiti
- American occupied Republic of Nicaragua
- American occupied Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Bajo Nuevo Bank
- Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
- Howland Island
- Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
- Johnston Atoll
- Kingman Reef
- Middlebrook Island
- Midway Atoll
- Navassa Island
- Panama Canal Zone
- Puerto Rico
- Quita Sueño Bank
- Roncador Bank
- Serrana Bank
- Serranilla Bank
- Swan Islands
- Territory of Alaska
- Territory of American Samoa
- Territory of Guam
- Territory of Hawaii
- United States Virgin Islands
- Wake Island
- Ural Provisional Provincial Government
- West Ukrainian People's Republic
- Non-state actors
- Anhui clique
- Assyrians
- Cornelius Wyk's forces
- Czechoslovak Legions
- Fengtian clique
- Karelian Regiment
- Polish Legions
- Pontic Greeks
- Ruwallah
- White movement
- Baikal Cossacks
- Chinese Eastern Railway
- Kamchatka
- Sakhalin
- Tuva
- Volunteer Army
- Yunnan clique
- Zhili clique
State actors[edit]
- Alash Autonomy
- Beda Sultanate
- Crown Dependencies of the British Crown
- Czechoslovak Republic
- Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
- Empire of Japan[14][13]
- Japanese concession in Tianjin
- Japanese Korea
- Japanese Military
- Japanese sphere of influence and occupation zone in the Republic of China
- Japanese occupied German New Guinea
- Japanese-occupied Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
- Japanese occupied Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Vladivostok Protectorate (protectorate)
- Japanese Taiwan
- Kwantung Leased Territory
- South Manchuria Railway Company
- First Costa Rican Republic[14][13]
- First Republic of Armenia[13]
- File:Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg French Third Republic[14][13]
- French Colonial Empire
- Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies
- Colony of New Caledonia
- French Algeria
- French concession of Hankou
- French Concession of Shamian Island, Guangzhou
- French Concession of Shanghai
- Kunming–Hai Phong French Railway
- Equatorial Africa
- French concession in Tianjin
- French Guiana
- French India
- French protectorate in Morocco (protectorate)
- French-occupied German Cameroon
- French protectorate of Tunisia (protectorate)
- French Somaliland
- French West Africa
- Guadeloupe
- Indochinese Union
- French Protectorate of Cambodia (protectorate)
- French Protectorate of Laos (protectorate)
- Guangzhouwan
- Kingdom of Sanwi (protectorate)
- Martinique
- New Hebrides
- Occupation of Constantinople
- Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
- Réunion
- Saint Martin
- Wallis and Futuna
- French Military
- French-occupied Alsace-Lorraine
- French-occupied German Empire
- French-occupied Principality of Albania
- French-occupied RSFSR
- French-occupied Sublime Ottoman State
- Memel Territory
- French Colonial Empire
- Idrisid Emirate of Asir
- Kingdom of Belgium[14][13]
- Kingdom of the Hellenes[14][13]
- Kingdom of Italy[14][13]
- Italian Military
- Italian Colonial Empire
- Albanian Republic
- Hobyo Sultanate (protectorate)
- Italian concession of Tientsin (Italian concession in Tianjin)
- Italian Cyrenaica
- Italian Eritrea
- Italian Islands of the Aegean
- Italian Somaliland
- Italian Tripolitania
- Majeerteen Sultanate (protectorate)
- Italian-occupied Austro-Hungarian Empire
- Occupation of Constantinople
- Kingdom of Montenegro[14][13]
- Kingdom of Romania[14][13]
- Kingdom of Serbia[14][13]
- Oriental Republic of Uruguay[13]
- Portugese Republic[14][13]
- Principality of Albania[13]
- Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam)[14][13]
- Republic of China (First)[14][13]
- Republic of Guatemala[14]
- Republic of Honduras[14]
- Republic of Liberia
- Republic of Peru[15]
- Republic of San Marino[13]
- Republic of the United States of Brazil[14][13]
- Russian Empire[14][13]
- Baltic Governorates
- Caucasus Viceroyalty
- Chinese Eastern Railway
- Congress Poland
- Emirate of Bukhara (protectorate)
- General Government of Galicia and Bukovina
- Grand Duchy of Finland
- Khanate of Khiva (protectorate)
- Russian concession in Tianjin
- Russian Military
- Russian-occupied Eastern Galicia
- Russian-occupied German Empire
- Russian-occupied Sublime Ottoman State
- Russian sphere of influence and occupation zone in the Sublime State of Persia
- Russian Turkestan
- Uryankhay Krai (protectorate)
- Vistula Land
- Western Krai
- Russian Provisional Government[14]
- Russian Republic[14]
- Second Polish Republic
- State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
- State of Thessaloniki
- Allied-occupied Kingdom of Greece
- Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[14][13]
- British Empire[14][13]
- Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
- Basutoland
- Bechuanaland (protectorate)
- Bermuda
- British concession in Tianjin
- British Cyprus
- British Guiana
- British Honduras
- British Leeward Islands
- British Mauritius
- British occupied German Cameroon
- British occupied German East Africa
- British sphere of influence and occupation zone in the Sublime State of Persia
- British-occupied German Togoland
- British Raj (Indian Empire)[13]
- Aden Settlement (Province of Aden) (protectorate)
- Agencies
- Kingdom of Sikkim (protectorate)
- Princely States (vassals)
- British Somaliland Protectorate
- British Western Pacific Territories
- British Windward Islands
- Central-Caspian Dictatorship (protectorate)
- Ceylon
- Colony of the Bahama Islands
- Colony of Barbados
- Colony of Jamaica and Dependencies
- Colony of Nigeria
- Colony of Trinidad and Tobago
- Commonwealth of Australia[13]
- Company rule in Rhodesia
- Crown Colony of Malta
- Crown colony of Seychelles
- Dominion of Canada[13]
- Dominion of Newfoundland[13]
- Dominion of New Zealand[13]
- East Africa Protectorate
- Falkland Islands
- Federated Malay States (protectorate)
- Gambia Colony and Protectorate
- Gibraltar
- Gold Coast
- Hong Kong
- Khedivate of Egypt (protectorate)
- Kingdom of Tonga (protectorate)
- Military Dictatorship of Mughan
- Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Brunei Darussalam) (Sultanate of Brunei) (protectorate)
- File:Flag of France (1794-1815, 1830-1958).svg New Hebrides
- Northern Persia (protectorate)
- Nyasaland
- Occupation of Constantinople
- Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
- Saint Helena
- Sheikhdom of Kuwait (protectorate)
- State of Qatar (protectorate)
- Straits Settlements
- Sultanate of Egypt (protectorate)
- Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
- Sultanate of Zanzibar (protectorate)
- Swaziland (protectorate)
- Trucial States (Trucial Oman) (Truicial Sheikhdoms) (Trucial Coast)
- Unfederated Malay States (protectorate)
- Union of South Africa[13]
- Wituland (protectorate)
- British Military
- British-occupied Sublime Ottoman State
- British-occupied RSFSR
- Constituent Countries of the United Kingdom
- Crown Dependencies of the British Crown
- British Empire[14][13]
- United States of America[14][13]
- American Military
- American-occupied Republic of Cuba
- American-occupied Republic of Haiti
- American-occupied Republic of Nicaragua
- American-occupied RSFSR
- Bajo Nuevo Bank
- Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
- Howland Island
- Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
- Johnston Atoll
- Kingman Reef
- Midway Atoll
- Panama Canal Zone
- Puerto Rico
- Republic of Cuba (protectorate)[14][13]
- Republic of Nicaragua (protectorate)[14][13]
- Republic of Panama (protectorate)[14][13]
- States
- Alabama
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
- Territory of Alaska
- Territory of American Samoa
- Territory of Guam
- Territory of Hawaii
- United States Virgin Islands
- Wake Island
Non-state actors[edit]
- Andorran volunteers
- Arab Revolt (Arab Army)
- Armenian militia
- Armenian Revolutionary Federation
- Assyria
- Assyrian volunteers
- Iroquois Confederacy
- Latvian Provisional Government
- Polish Legions
- Pontic Greeks
- Right SRs
- Supreme War Council
- White Army (White Guard) (Whites)[note 3]
- Military Dictatorship of Mughan
- Russian State
- Provisional All-Russian Government (PA-RG) (Omsk Directory) (Ufa Directory) (The Directory)
- Russian Armed Forces
- Russian Air Forces
- Russian Army
- Russian Fleet
- White émigré
- Yakutia
- Zionists
Central Powers and Co-belligerents[edit]
The Central Powers were a group of countries opposing the Allies. They were (in order of joining) Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria, among others.
List[edit]
- Colonies, condominiums, countries, occupations, protectorates, and territories
- Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
- Belarusian People's Republic
- Crimean Regional Government
- Crimean People's Republic
- Democratic Republic of Georgia
- Dervish State
- Don Republic
- Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
- Emirate of Jabal Shammar
- German Realm
- Duchy of Anhalt
- Duchy of Brunswick
- Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
- Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
- Free and Hanseatic City of Bremen
- Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck
- Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
- Free People's State of Württemberg
- Free State of Brunswick
- Free State of Lippe
- Free State of Oldenburg
- Free State of Saxe-Meiningen
- Free State of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Free State of Prussia
- German Cameroon
- German concession in Hankou
- German concession in Hankou
- German concession in Tianjin
- German New Guinea
- German occupied French Republic
- German occupied Grand Dutchy of Luxembourg
- German occupied Kingdom of Romania
- German occupied Portuguese Mozambique
- German Samoa
- German South West Africa
- Government General of Warsaw
- Grand Duchy of Baden
- Grand Duchy of Hesse
- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
- Grand Duchy of Saxony
- Imperial German General Government of Belgium
- Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine
- Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
- Kingdom of Bavaria
- Kingdom of Prussia
- Kingdom of Saxony
- Kingdom of Württemberg
- Neutral Moresnet
- Northern Dobruja
- People's State of Hesse
- Principality of Lippe
- Principality of Reuss-Gera
- Principality of Reuss-Greiz
- Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
- Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
- Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont
- Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East
- Togoland Protectorate (6–26 August 1914)[16][b]
- German East Africa (since 5 August 1914)[17]
- Kingdom of Bulgaria
- Bulgarian occupied Kingdom of Greece
- Bulgarian occupied Kingdom of Serbia
- Bulgarian occupied Principality of Albania
- Northern Dobruja
- Kingdom of Finland
- Kingdom of Lithuania
- Kingdom of Poland
- Kuban People's Republic
- Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
- Republic of Finland
- South African Provisional Government
- Sublime Ottoman State
- Ottoman occupied Aden Protectorate
- Ottoman occupied Republic of Armenia
- Ottoman occupied Russian Empire
- Ottoman occupied State of Qatar
- Ottoman occupied Sublime State of Persia
- Ottoman occupied Sultanate of Egypt
- Ottoman occupied Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
- Ottoman occupied Emirate of Upper Asir
- Yemen Vilayet
- Regional Government of Northwest Russia
- Sultanate of Darfur
- The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen
- Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
- Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin
- Austro-Hungarian occupied Kingdom of Itay
- Austro-Hungarian occupied Kingdom of Montenegro
- Austro-Hungarian occupied Kingdom of Romania
- Austro-Hungarian occupied Principality of Albania
- Austro-Hungarian protectorate of Albania
- Carpathian passes
- City of Fiume and its District
- Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Imperial and Royal Military Administration in Serbia
- Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
- Kingdom of Hungary
- Northern Dobruja
- The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council
- Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin
- Austro-Hungarian occupied Kingdom of Itay
- Austro-Hungarian occupied Kingdom of Montenegro
- Austro-Hungarian occupied Kingdom of Romania
- Austro-Hungarian occupied Principality of Albania
- Carpathian passes
- Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Duchy of Bukovina
- Duchy of Carinthia
- Duchy of Carniola
- Duchy of Salzburg
- Duchy of Styria
- Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
- Imperial and Royal Military Administration in Serbia
- Imperial Free City of Trieste
- Kingdom of Bohemia
- Kingdom of Dalmatia
- Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
- Margraviate of Istria
- Margraviate of Moravia
- Northern Dobruja
- Princely County of Tyrol
- Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
- Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
- United Baltic Duchy
- Ukrainian People's Republic
- Ukrainian State
- Non-state actors
- 'Anazzah
- Ag Kaocen's forces
- Alibi Dzhangildin and Amankeldi Imanov's forces
- Auliyahan'
- Barue forces
- Basmachi
- Bussa forces
- Charlemagne Péralte's forces
- Dasa's forces
- Dashti people
- Desiderio Arias's forces
- Egba's forces
- Hibernian Rifles
- Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
- Irish Citizen Army
- Irish Republican Brotherhood
- Irish Volunteers
- Iwellemmedans
- Jangal movement
- John Chilembwe's forces
- Kokonur forces
- Makonbe forces
- Laristani people
- Persian Central Government Gendarmerie
- Polish Legions
- Phu Mi Bun Movement
- Qashqai people
- Senussi
- Simko Shikak's forces
- Tangistani people
- The Fianna of Ireland
- The Irishwomen's Council
- Trinh Can's forces
- Tulante Buta's forces
- White movement
- Villistas
- Zaian Confederation
State actors[edit]
- Irish Republic (disputed with the United Kingdom)
- Republic of Finland
- Second German Reich[14][13]
- Bermontians
- German Colonial Empire
- German-occupied Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- German-occupied Kingdom of Belgium
- German-occupied Russian Empire
- German-occupied Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar
- German-occupied Third French Republic
- General Governorate of Warsaw
- Democratic Republic of Georgia (protectorate)
- Imperial German Army
- Imperial German Navy
- Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
- Kingdom of Poland
- States of the German Empire
- Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East (Ober Ost)
- Territories ceded by Russia
- Ukrainian State (Second Hetmanate)
- The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen[14][13]
- Austro-Hungarian Military
- Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
- Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
- Kingdom of Hungary
- Principality of Transylvania
- The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (Cisleithania)
- Austrian Colonial Empire
- Austrian-occupied Kingdom of Italy
- Austrian-occupied Kingdom of Serbia
- Municipalities
- Austrian Littoral
- County of Tyrol
- Crown Land of Salzburg
- Duchy of Bukovina
- Duchy of Carinthia
- Duchy of Carniola
- Duchy of Styria
- Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
- Imperial Free City of Trieste
- Lands of the Bohemian Crown
- Kingdom of Dalmatia
- Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
- Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
- The Sublime Ottoman State[14][13]
- Damascus Eyalet
- Kars Republic
- Minor allies of the Ottoman Empire
- Ahl Haydara Mansur
- Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
- Basmachi
- Central Asian revolt of 1916 (Turkic tribal confederations)
- Dervish state
- Emirate of Jabal Shammar
- Ethiopian Empire (Lij Iyasu loyalists)
- Mountain Republic (Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus) (MRNC) (Republic of the Mountaineers) (United Republics of the North Caucasus)
- North Caucasian Emirate
- Republic of Aras
- Senussi order
- Shekak tribe
- Sultanate of Darfur
- Ottoman Arabia
- Ottoman Military
- Ottoman occupation zone in the Sublime State of Persia
- Ottoman occupied Republic of Armenia
- Ottoman occupied Russian Empire
- Ottoman occupied Sultanate of Egypt
- Ottoman occupied Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
- Territories ceded by Russia
- Yemen Vilayet
- Tsardom of Bulgaria[14][13]
- Bulgarian-occupied Kingdom of Greece
- Bulgarian-occupied Kingdom of Serbia
- Bulgarian occupied Principality of Albania
- Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO)
- Weimar Republic[14]
Non-state actors[edit]
- Anushilan Samiti (during the Hindu-German conspiracy)
- Berbers
- Bwa
- Fianna Éireann
- Freikorps
- Persian Central Government Gendarmerie
- Irish Citizen Army
- Irish Republican Army
- Irish Volunteers
- Mandé
- Nuna
- Polish Legions
- Pro-German government in Latvia under Andrievs Niedra[18]
- Sinn Féin
- White Army (White Guard) (Whites)[c]
Proposed Central Powers[edit]
- Emirate of Kabul (proposed ally)
- United Mexican States (proposed ally)
- Conventionists
- División del Norte (participating in the Pancho Villa Expedition before the United States joined the Allies)
- Liberation Army of the South (Zapatistas)
- Conventionists
Leftist states and groups[edit]
Soviet Russia, its autonomous republics (ASSRs), soviet socialist republics (SSRs), the Red Army, and its allies during WWI[edit]
The allies of the RSFSR were a group of countries that supported the Bolshevik army during the Russian Civil War. During World War I, these were some countries that were part of or supported the RSFSR:
The Soviet Russian Republic[edit]
- Russian Soviet Republic (Russian Socialist Soviet Republic) (Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic) (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) (RSFSR)
- Armed Forces of the Russian Soviet Republic
- Baku Soviet Commune
- Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Black Sea Soviet Republic
- Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Commune of the Working People of Estonia
- Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic
- Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
- Don Soviet Republic
- Far Eastern Republic
- Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland)
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
- Karelian Workers' Commune
- Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic
- Kuban Soviet Republic
- Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
- Litbel
- Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Mughan Soviet Republic
- North Caucasian Soviet Republic
- Odessa Soviet Republic
- Petrograd Workers' Commune
- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
- Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia
- Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
- Terek Soviet Republic
- Turkestan Autonomous Socialist Federative Republic
- Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
- Ukrainian Soviet Republic
- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Allies of the Soviet Russian Republic[edit]
State actors[edit]
- Free Socialist Republic of Germany
- Free Territory (Makhnovia) (Makhnovshchina)
- Irish Republic (disputed with the United Kingdom)
- Jangal Movement
- Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
- Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary
Non-state actors[edit]
- Black Guards
- Chinese Communists
- Communist Party of Germany
- Mongolian Communists
- Petrograd Soviet
- Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (Polrewkom)
- Red Guards
- Sinn Féin
- Spartacus League (Spartacists)
Socialist or mostly socialist states or non-states unaligned with the Bolsheviks (either enemies or neutral/unaffiliated)[edit]
- Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)
- Directorate of Ukraine
- Free Workers' Union of Germany
- French Section of the Workers' International
- French Socialists
- French Syndicalists
- Green Armies
- Left SRs
- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
- Radomir Republic
- Socialist Revolutionary Party
- Soviet Republic of Naissaar (Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar) (Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders)
- Republic of Tarnobrzeg
- Ukrainian People's Republic
Minority socialist states or non-states unaligned with the Bolsheviks[edit]
- White Army (White Guard) (Whites)[note 4]
- Democratic Socialists in the White Army
- Kuban People's Republic (Kuban Cossacks)
- Kuban Rada
Anarchist territories, armies, or trade unions (labor unions) aligned with the Bolsheviks[edit]
Anarchist territories or armies unaligned with the Bolsheviks[note 5][edit]
- Free Workers' Union of Germany
- Free Territory (Makhnovia) (Makhnovshchina)
- Soviet Republic of Naissaar (Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar) (Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders)
Russia / Russian Soviet Republic / Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and allies[edit]
- Baku Commune
- Donets-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
- Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
- Free Socialist Republic of Germany
- Odessa Soviet Republic
- People's State of Bavaria
- Republic of Alsace-Lorraine
- Republic of Tarnobrzeg
- Russia
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- Autonomous Governorate of Estonia
- Bashkortostan
- Black Sea Soviet Republic
- Don Soviet Republic
- Kuban-Black Sea Soviet Republic
- Kuban Soviet Republic
- North Caucasian Soviet Republic
- Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic
- Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
- Ukrainian Soviet Republic
- Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders
- Non-state actors
Neutral countries[edit]
- Declared neutral colonies, condominiums, countries, occupations, protectorates, and territories
- Kingdom of Denmark
- Danish West Indies
- Greenland
- Iceland
- Kingdom of Norway[d]
- Kingdom of Spain
- Kingdom of Sweden[e]
- Kingdom of the Netherlands[f]
- Sublime State of Persia[g]
- Swiss Confederation[h]
- De facto neutral colonies, condominiums, countries, occupations, protectorates, and territories
- Anadyr
- Argentine Republic
- Banat Republic
- Chokwe Kingdom
- Emirate of Afghanistan[i]
- Emirate of Bukhara
- Empire of China
- Eastern Republic of Uruguay
- Emirate of Upper Asir
- Ethiopian Empire[j]
- Ethiopian Empire
- Grand Duchy of Luxembourg[k]
- Moldavian Democratic Republic
- Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
- Khanate of Khiva
- Kingdom of Bhutan
- Komancza Republic
- Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
- Principality of Liechtenstein[l]
- Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkistan
- Peruvian Republic
- Principality of Monaco
- Republic of Estonia
- Republic of Bolivia
- Republic of Chile
- Republic of Colombia
- Republic of Ecuador
- Republic of El Salvador
- Republic of Lithuania
- Republic of Paraguay
- Republic of San Marino[m]
- Shanghai International Settlement
- Social Revolutionary Regime in Blagoveshchensk
- Spitsbergen
- State of Qatar
- Tangier
- Tibet
- The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council
- United Mexican States[n]
- United States of Venezuela
- Yakutia
- Non-state actors
- Aboriginal Australians
- Chukchi people
- Cinta Larga
- Cuanhama chiefdom
- Dembos people
- Don Cossacks
- Guangdong
- Guangxi
- Guizhou
- Hunan
- Inughuits
- Kuban Cossacks
- Liberation Army of the South
- Lunda people
- Ma clique
- National Pacification Army
- Nganasan people
- Nunavimmiut Inuit from Nunavik
- Oaxaca
- Orenburg Cossacks
- Papuan people
- Qikiqtaaluk Inuit from Baffin Island
- Semirechye Cossacks
- Shanxi clique
- Siberian Cossacks
- Sichuan clique
- Tripolitania
- Tunumiits
- Turkana people
- Xinjiang clique
- Yanomami
List of Countries Participating in World War I[edit]
Flag | Country (official name), army, or party | Country (common name), army, or party | Years when entity participated in the war | Allied Power | Central Power | Strength | Casualties | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Military Casualties | Civilian Casualties | Total Casualties | ||||||||
Kingdom of Serbia | Serbia | 1914–1915 | ✓ | 707,000 | 275,000[19] | 525,000[19] | 300,000[19] | [20][21][22] | ||
The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen and colonies | Austria-Hungary / Austro-Hungarian Empire | 1914–1918 | ✓ | 7,800,000 | 1,460,000[19] | 400,000?[19] | 1,860,000[19] | [20][23][22] | ||
Russian Empire | Russia | 1914–1917 | ✓ | 12,000,000 | 1,811,000 | 1,500,000 | 3,311,000 | [20][24][better source needed] | ||
German Realm and colonies | Germany / German Empire | 1914–1918 | ✓ | 13,250,000 | 2,037,000[19] | 700,000[19] | 2,737,000[19] | [20] | ||
Third French Republic and colonies | France / French Empire | 1914–1918 | ✓ | Total figures for the French Empire: 8,660,000 | 1,327,000[19] | 600,000[19] | 1,927,000[19] | [20] | ||
Czechoslovak Legion | Czech Legion | 1914–1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Kingdom of Belgium and colonies | Belgium / Belgian Empire | 1914 | ✓ | 380,000 | 38,000[19] | 50,000[19] | 88,000[19] | [20] | ||
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and colonies | United Kingdom / British Empire | 1914-1918 | ✓ | Total figures for the British Empire: 8,842,000 | 750,000[19] | 600,000 | 1.350,000[19] | [20][25] | ||
Commonwealth of Australia | Australia | 1914-1918 | ✓ | 61,966[19] | 61,966[19] | |||||
Dominion of Canada | Canada | 1914-1918 | ✓ | 64,944 | 2,000 | 66,944 | ||||
Dominion of Newfoundland | Newfoundland | 1914-1918 | ✓ | 1,204 | 1,204 | |||||
Dominion of New Zealand | New Zealand | 1914-1918 | ✓ | 18,052[19] | 18,052[19] | |||||
Khedivate of Egypt | Egypt | 1914 | ✓ | |||||||
Indian Empire | British India, British Hindustan, British Raj | 1914-1918 | ✓ | 74,187 | 74,187 | |||||
Kingdom of Nepal | Nepal | 1914-1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Sultanate of Egypt | Egypt | 1914-1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Union of South Africa | South Africa | 1914-1918 | ✓ | 9,463 | 9,463 | |||||
Republic of Liberia | Liberia | 1914-1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Kingdom of Montenegro | Montenegro | 1914-1915 | ✓ | 50,000 | 13,000[19] | 13,000[19] | [20] | |||
Empire of Japan and colonies | Japan / Japanese Empire | 1914-1918 | ✓ | 800,000 | 1000[19] | 1000[19] | [20] | |||
South African Republic | Maritz rebellion | 1914-1915 | ✓ | 12,000 | 124 | 124 | ||||
Principality of Albania | Albania | 1914-1916 | ✓ | |||||||
Sublime Ottoman State | Ottoman Empire / Turkish Empire / Turkey / Ottoman Turkey | 1914-1918 | ✓ | 2,998,000 | 325,000[19] | 1,000,000-2,000,000 (from the Armenian Genocide) [19] | 2,325,000[19] | [20][26] | ||
Emirate of Jabbal Shammar | Jabbal Shammar | 1914-1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Idrisid Emirate of Asir | Asir | 1915-1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Kingdom of Italy | Italy / Italian Empire | 1915-1918 | ✓ | 5,615,000 | 460,000[19] | 700,000?[19] | 1,160,000[19] | [20] | ||
Tsardom of Bulgaria | Bulgaria / Kingdom of Bulgaria | 1915-1918 | ✓ | 1,200,000 | 87,000 | 300,000[19] | 388,000[19] | [20] | ||
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa | Nejd / Nejd and Hasa | 1915-1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Senussiyya | Senussi | 1915-1917 | ✓ | [27][28] | ||||||
Portugese Republic and colonies | Portugal / Portugese Empire | 1916-1918 | ✓ | 80,000 | 7,000[19] | 7,000[19] | [20] | |||
Irish Nationalists | Irish Rebels | 1916, 1917, 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz | Hejaz / Arab Revolt | 1916-1918 | ✓ | [29] | ||||||
Kingdom of Romania | Romania | 1916-1918 | ✓ | 658,000 | 250,000[19] | 300,000[19] | 550,000[19] | [20][30] | ||
Provisional Government of National Defence | Thessaloniki | 1916-1917 | ✓ | [31] | ||||||
Kingdom of Poland | Poland | 1917-1918 | ✓ | [32] | ||||||
Russian Provisional Government | Russia | 1917 | ✓ | [20][33][34] | ||||||
United States of America and colonies | United States | 1917-1918 | ✓ | 4,744,000 | 117,000[19] | 117,000[19] | [20][35] | |||
Republic of Panama | Panama | 1917-1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Republic of Cuba | Cuba | 1917-1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Russian Republic | Russia | 1917-1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Kingdom of Greece | Greece | 1917-1918 | ✓ | 250,000 | 25,000[19] | 25,000[19] | [20] | |||
Republic of China | China | 1917-1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Kingdom of Siam | Siam | 1917-1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Republic of the United States of Brazil | Brazil | 1917-1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Haudenosaunee Confederacy | Iroquois | 1917-1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Republic of Peru | Peru | 1917-1918 | ✓ | [15] | ||||||
Alash Autonomy | Kazakhstan / Alash-Orda | 1917-1918 | ✓ | |||||||
White Army[note 6] | Whites | 1917-1918 | ✓[note 7] | ✓[note 7] | ||||||
Turkestan Autonomy | Turkestan | 1917-1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Kuban People's Republic | Kuban / Kuban Cossacks | 1918 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic | Soviet Russia / Bolshevik Russia | 1918 | ✓ | [36] | ||||||
Kingdom of Finland | Finland / White Finland | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Kingdom of Lithuania | Lithuania | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Republic of Finland | Finland | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Belarusian People's Republic | Belarus / White Ruthenia | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
United Baltic Duchy / Grand Duchy of Livonia | Baltic Duchy / Livonia | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic | Transcaucasia / Transcaucasian Federation | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Republic of Armenia | Armenia | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | Azerbaijan | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Democratic Republic of Georgia | Georgia | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Republic of Guatemala | Guatemala | 1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Republic of Nicaragua | Nicaragua | 1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
First Costa Rican Republic | Costa Rica | 1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Republic of Haiti | Haiti | 1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Republic of Bolivia | Bolivia | 1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Republic of Ecuador | Ecuador | 1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Oriental Republic of Urugay | Urugay | 1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Republic of Honduras | Honduras | 1918 | ✓ | [20] | ||||||
Centrocaspian Dictatorship | Centro-caspian Dictatorship | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
First Czechoslovak Republic | Czechoslovakia / Bohemia / Czechia | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs | Yugoslavia | 1918 | ✓ | |||||||
Second Polish Republic | Poland | 1918 | ✓ |
Declarations of war[edit]
The following table shows the timeline of the several declarations of war among the belligerent powers. Entries on a yellow background show severed diplomatic relations only, not actual declarations of war.
Date | Declarer | On |
---|---|---|
1914 | ||
July 28 | Austria-Hungary | Serbia |
August 1 | Germany | Russia |
August 3 | Germany | France |
August 4 | Germany | Belgium |
United Kingdom | Germany | |
August 5 | Montenegro | Austria-Hungary |
August 6 | Austria-Hungary | Russia |
Serbia | Germany | |
August 9 | Montenegro | Germany |
August 11 | France | Austria-Hungary |
August 12 | United Kingdom | Austria-Hungary |
August 22 | Austria-Hungary | Belgium |
August 23 | Japan | Germany |
August 25 | Japan | Austria-Hungary |
October 5 | Albania | Austria-Hungary |
November 1 | Russia | Ottoman Empire |
November 2 | Serbia | Ottoman Empire |
November 3 | Montenegro | Ottoman Empire |
November 5 | United Kingdom France |
Ottoman Empire |
1915 | ||
May 23 | Italy | Austria-Hungary |
August 21 | Italy | Ottoman Empire |
October 14 | Bulgaria | Serbia |
October 15 | United Kingdom Montenegro |
Bulgaria |
October 16 | France | Bulgaria |
October 19 | Italy Russia |
Bulgaria |
1916 | ||
March 9 | Germany | Portugal |
March 15 | Austria-Hungary | Portugal |
August 27 | Romania | Austria-Hungary |
Italy | Germany | |
August 28 | Germany | Romania |
August 30 | Ottoman Empire | Romania |
November 1 | Bulgaria | Romania |
1917 | ||
April 6 | United States | Germany |
April 7 | Cuba Panama |
Germany |
April 10 | Bulgaria | United States |
April 13 | Bolivia | Germany |
April 20 | Ottoman Empire | United States |
July 2 | Greece | Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria |
July 22 | Siam | Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire |
August 4 | Liberia | Germany |
August 14 | China | Germany Austria-Hungary |
October 6 | Peru | Germany |
October 7 | Uruguay | Germany |
October 26 | Brazil | Germany |
December 7 | United States | Austria-Hungary |
December 7 | Ecuador | Germany |
December 10 | Panama | Austria-Hungary |
December 16 | Cuba | Austria-Hungary |
1918 | ||
April 23 | Guatemala | Germany |
May 8 | Nicaragua | Germany Austria-Hungary |
May 23 | Costa Rica | Germany |
July 12 | Haiti | Germany |
July 19 | Honduras | Germany |
November 10 | Romania | Germany |
See also[edit]
- World War I
- Allies of World War I
- Central Powers
- Aviation in World War I
- World War I casualties
- Technology during World War I
- French-Habsburg rivalry
- Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I
- Russian entry into World War I
- German entry into World War I
- French entry into World War I
- British entry into World War I
- Ottoman entry into World War I
- American entry into World War I
- International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
- Russian Civil War
Notes[edit]
- ^ since 1830 was Neutral Moresnet a condominium between Prussia (later Germany) and Belgium. Both countries had the right to protect the region.[10] On the same day of the German invasion in Belgium, the region was occupied by Germany. Until the end of the war and was in the Treaty of Versailles treaty annexed by Belgium.[11]
- ^ From 26 August 1914, the Protectorate was occupied by the Alied forces until the Treaty of Versailles, on 20 July 1922 which officially divided the Protectorate between the UK and France.[5]
- ^ Some members of the Whites aligned themselves with the Entente, and others aligned themselves with the Central Powers.
- ^ Gave naval assistance to the United Kingdom
- ^ Non-belligerent
- ^ Traded with both sides
- ^ Civil dispute and Allied Campaign against Ottomans
- ^ Switzerland did declare a "state of siege"
- ^ Received a German diplomatic mission trying to convince it to act against the British in India
- ^ Supported Central Powers and was on the verge of entering the war before Iyasu V's dethronement
- ^ Never declared war on the Central Powers despite being invaded and occupied by Germany
- ^ Had a customs and monetary union with Austria-Hungary
- ^ 20 volunteers joined on the Italian (Allied) side. Cut diplomatic ties with Austria–Hungary, but it never entered the war
- ^ Declined an alliance with Germany (see Zimmermann Telegram)
- ^ Few soldiers were in France, and they did not fight against the Germans. However, Liberia did declare war on Germany.
- ^ disbanded before the United States joined the war
- ^ Some members of the Whites aligned themselves with the Entente, and others aligned themselves with the Central Powers.
- ^ Some members of the White army were socialists who fought against the Bolsheviks. See Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks for further information.
- ^ Some anarchists fought against the Bolsheviks. See Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks for further information.
- ^ The White Movement fought the Bolsheviks (RSFSR) but they both were fighting Germany until the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918.
- ^ a b Some members of the Whites aligned themselves with the Entente, and others aligned themselves with the Central Powers.
- ^ British Empire was the common term for the United Kingdom and its overseas possessions at this time. The term refers to the colonies it controlled, to the Indian Empire, which, while not officially designated a colony, was functionally indistinguishable from one, and the British Dominions - former colonies which were self-governing in most respects but whose foreign policy was controlled by London; Australia, Canada, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South Africa. At that time, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland also included the entire island of Ireland.
Further reading[edit]
- Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). World War I. ABC CLIO. ISBN 9789386316752.
References[edit]
- ^ Tennyson 2014, p. 4[Broken link]
- ^ Norman 2008, p. 40[Broken link]
- ^ Moffat, Ian C. D. "Forgotten Battlefields – Canadians in Siberia 1918 – 1919". Canadian Military Journal. Department of National Defence. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- ^ "宣戦の詔書 [Sensen no shōsho, Imperial Rescript on Declaration of War] Kanpō, Extra ed., Aug. 23, 1914" (PDF). Library of Congress (in Japanese). 23 August 1914.
- ^ a b Martin 2007, p. 15.
- ^ Fox, Sir Frank (1914). The Agony of Belgium The Invasion of Belgium in WWI August-December 1914. Beaumont Fox 2nd edition 2014. p. 19.
- ^ Strachan 2003, p. 585.
- ^ Stiénon 1917, pp. 135–137.
- ^ Musgrave 1918, p. 8.
- ^ "Awaiting a Crisis in Belgium" (PDF). New York Times. 13 September 1903. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
- ^ "Peace Treaty of Versailles Articles 31 - 117 and Annexes Political Clauses for Europe". net.lib.byu. 11 November 1998. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
- ^ Marques 1991, p. 343.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "List of Participants in World War I". The Great War. WordPress. August 26, 2008. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Participants in World War I". World War I Centennial. n.d. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ a b Das, Darshana; Ray, Michael; et al. (December 23, 2019). "Allied powers | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
- ^ Friedenwald 2001, pp. 11–12[Broken link]
- ^ Hordern 1990, pp. 41–42.
- ^ "Government of Andrievs Niedra". Military Heritage Tourism. n.d. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "World War 1 casualties". 100letprve.si. n.d. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Online Highways (n.d.). "World War I Participants". u-s-history.com. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ The Outbreak of WWI - How Europe Spiraled Into the GREAT WAR - Week 1. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ a b How World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ The Outbreak of WWI - How Europe Spiraled Into the GREAT WAR - Week 1. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ How World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ The World at War - The Ottoman Empire Enters The Stage I THE GREAT WAR Week 15. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ The Forgotten Front - World War 1 in Libya I THE GREAT WAR - Week 69. Retrieved 2021-06-01 – via YouTube.
- ^ Bulgaria Digs In At Doiran - The Final Blow Against The Senussi I THE GREAT WAR Week 133. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ The Brusilov Offensive - The Arab Revolt I THE GREAT WAR Week 98. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ Romania Joins The War I THE GREAT WAR Week 110. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ Nivelle's Spring Offensive - Royal Conspiracy In Greece I THE GREAT WAR Week 131. Retrieved 2021-05-29 – via YouTube.
- ^ Charming The Poles - The Central Powers Look For New Allies I THE GREAT WAR Week 120. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ The Russian February Revolution 1917 I THE GREAT WAR Week 137. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ The Tsar Abdicates - Baghdad Falls I THE GREAT WAR Week 138. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ The United States Declares War on Germany I THE GREAT WAR Week 141. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
- ^ The Russian October Revolution 1917 I THE GREAT WAR Week 172. Retrieved 2021-05-26 – via YouTube.
External links[edit]
Events leading to World War I |
---|
|
See also[edit]
- Allies of World War I
- Triple Entente
- Triple Alliance
- Central Powers
- Participants in World War II
- Casualties of World War I
Bibliography[edit]
- Hordern, C. (1990) [1941]. Military Operations East Africa: August 1914 – September 1916. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-89839-158-9.
- Strachan, H. (2003) [2001]. The First World War: To Arms. Vol. I (pbk. ed.). Oxford: OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-926191-8.
- Martin, Lawrence (2007). The treaties of peace, 1919–1923. Vol. 2. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-708-3.
- Oliveira Marques, António Henrique R. de (1991). Nova história de Portugal: Portugal da Monarquia para a República (in Portuguese). Editorial Presença. ISBN 9789722314206.
- Stiénon, C. (1917). La campagne anglo-belge de l'Afrique Orientale Allemande (in French). Paris:Berger-Levrault.
- Musgrave, George Clarke (1918). Under Four Flags for France. New York: D. Appleton & Company. OCLC 1157994.