Pedinellales

Pedinellales
	Light micrograph of Pteridomonas danica
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Stramenopiles
Phylum:	Gyrista
Subphylum:	Ochrophytina
Class:	Dictyochophyceae
Order:	Pedinellales; Zimmermann, Moestrup & Hallfors 1984
Family:	Actinomonadaceae; Kent 1880
Genera
	Cyrtophoraceae; Pedinellaceae;
Synonyms
	As order Ciliophryida Febvre-Chevalier 1985; Ciliophryales Cavalier-Smith 1995; As suborder Actinomonadineae Cavalier-Smith 2006; Ciliophryineae Febvre-Chevalier ex Cavalier-Smith 2006; As family Apedinellaceae Cavalier-Smith 1995; Cyrtophoraceae Pascher 1911; Pedinellidae Pascher 1910; Pedinellaceae Pascher 1910 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1995; Ciliophryidae Poche 1913; Ciliophryaceae Poche 1913 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1995;

Pedinellales (ICN) or Pedinellida (ICZN) is a group of single-celled algae found in both marine environments and freshwater.^[3]

These are found in both freshwater and marine environments, and most genera are sessile, attached by posterior stalks. The flagellum is at the anterior of the cell, and the tentacles surround it, often capturing small prey drawn in by its current. The colored genera are Pedinella, Apedinella, Pseudopedinella, and Mesopedinella. Several more genera have lost their chloroplasts and feed entirely by phagocytosis. These are Parapedinella, Actinomonas, and Pteridomonas.

It also appears that certain heliozoa are actually derived pedinellids. Ciliophrys alternates between a mobile flagellate stage and a heliozoan feeding stage, where the body is contracted with extended axopods all over its surface, and the flagellum is curled up into a tight figure eight. The actinophryids, Actinophrys and Actinosphaerium, exist only in a heliozoan form with no flagellum and with more elaborate bundles of microtubules supporting their axopods. Their inclusion was argued by Mikrjukov and Patterson, who coined the term actinodine to refer specifically to this extended group.

Pedinellids were classified as heliozoans by some authors. The colored pedinellids were originally treated as a family of golden algae in the order Ochromonadales, promoted to an order Pedinellales by Zimmerman in 1984. Their relationship to the silicoflagellates became apparent some time later, and Patterson defined this rankless group for the two in 1994. Moestrup treated it as the class Dictyochophyceae, previously restricted to the silicoflagellates, while Cavalier-Smith defined a new class Actinochrysophyceae for them.

Classification[edit]

Pedinellales is composed by a single family Actinomonadaceae,^[4] containing the following genera:^[5]^[6]

Cyrtophora Strand 1929
Palatinella Lauterborn 1906
Actinomonas Kent 1880
Apedinella Throndsen 1971
Ciliophrys Cienkowski 1876
Helicopedinella Sekiguchi et al. 2003
Mesopedinella Daugbjerg 1996
Parapedinella Pedersen, Beech & Thomsen 1986
Pedinella Wyssotzki 1887 non Dahl 1909
Pseudopedinella Carter 1937
Pteridomonas Penard 1889

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Allsopp MTEP (1995). "Ribosomal RNA Evidence for Chloroplast Loss within Heterokonta: Pedinellid Relationships and a Revised Classification of Ochristan Algae". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 145 (3–4): 209–220. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(11)80316-7.
^ ^a ^b Thomas Cavalier-Smith; Ema E-Y Chao (April 2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 (4): 388–420. doi:10.1007/S00239-004-0353-8. ISSN 0022-2844. PMID 16557340. Wikidata Q28303534.
^ Lee RE (March 2018). "Heterokontophyta - Dictyochochyceae". Phycology (5 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 345. ISBN 9781107555655. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
^ Moestrup, Øjvind; O'Kelly, Charles J. (2000). "Class Silicoflagellata Lemmermann, 1901" (PDF). In Lee, John J.; Leedale, Gordon F.; Bradbury, Phyllis (eds.). An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: Society of Protozoologists. pp. 775–782.
^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2016). "Dictyochophyceae". AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway.
^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2013). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. PMID 23219323.

[Cavalier-Smith_1995-1] Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Allsopp MTEP (1995). "Ribosomal RNA Evidence for Chloroplast Loss within Heterokonta: Pedinellid Relationships and a Revised Classification of Ochristan Algae". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 145 (3–4): 209–220. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(11)80316-7.

[Cavalier-Smith_2006-2] Thomas Cavalier-Smith; Ema E-Y Chao (April 2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 (4): 388–420. doi:10.1007/S00239-004-0353-8. ISSN 0022-2844. PMID 16557340. Wikidata Q28303534.

[3] Lee RE (March 2018). "Heterokontophyta - Dictyochochyceae". Phycology (5 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 345. ISBN 9781107555655. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

[IGP_Silicoflagellata-4] Moestrup, Øjvind; O'Kelly, Charles J. (2000). "Class Silicoflagellata Lemmermann, 1901" (PDF). In Lee, John J.; Leedale, Gordon F.; Bradbury, Phyllis (eds.). An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: Society of Protozoologists. pp. 775–782.

[5] Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2016). "Dictyochophyceae". AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway.

[6] Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2013). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. PMID 23219323.

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