Talk:Liberalism/old version talk Liberalism
Fare's latest entry: (if anyone can figure out how to incorporate stuff from here, do so)
Liberalism is a term used to describe any ideology not bound by orthodox tenets or established forms in political or religious philosophy, in contrast to conservatism.
Liberalism more specifically (and confusedly) refers to two distinct tradition, a philosophical tradition more precisely known as classical liberalism and a political tradition that can be called political liberalism.
Unrelatedly, the term Liberalism also denotes a nineteenth-century movement in Christianity; see Liberalism, Religion.
Two distinct traditions: political liberalism and classical liberalism[edit]
Classical liberals have an identified theory of liberty, that insist on notions of spontaneous order, natural law, property rights, and individual responsibility. They tend to strongly differentiate genuine classical liberal authors from their contemporaries, and recognize among them John Locke (as opposed to Hobbes), David Hume (as opposed to Kant), Adam Smith (as opposed to Rousseau); they consider John Stuart Mill as an author who wrote quite interesting things but missed essential points and does not quality as a genuine classical liberal; they much prefer Frederic Bastiat as a contemporary. They favor Free Market Economy and reject any kind of government influence in society. They thus tend to be defiant to any kind of politics, including politics done by liberal politicians. Historically, classical liberalism has opposed mercantilism and socialism (as well as any form of collectivism).
Political liberals vary considerably in what they consider are the "liberties" they defend, and they do not generally refer to any consistent theory of it. Depending on countries, political liberalism may refer to some form of minarchism (see in France "liberals"), although often with a more or less deeply marked evolution toward social democracy (see UK "liberal-democrats"). In the USA, "liberals" have gone all the way to extreme form of social-democracy and even socialism, whereas in other countries, liberal parties are conservative (Japan) or even far-right (Austria). Liberal-democrats tend to equally consider as part of their tradition many classical authors of contrasted opinions such as John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant, although with a slight preference for classical liberal authors, in as much as they tend to more consistently claim to defend liberty; they often consider John Stuart Mill (who was also MP) as a great author very representative of their ideas. They tend to identify to great leaders of liberal parties, particularly in Great Britain (e.g. Gladstone or Lloyd George). Historically, political liberalism has opposed political conservatism; later evolutions of political liberals views around the world depend completely on national specificities of liberal parties.
Comparing Political Liberalism with Classical Liberalism[edit]
These two traditions have in common that they claim to defend invidividual liberty against the arbitrary power of government, and there has been some influence of the philosophy on the politics at specific points in history, but they are quite distinct.
Historically, both traditions see part of their roots in the seventeenth century english movement that has opposed (absolute) monarchism, mercantilism, and various kind of religious fundamentalism, preaching liberty and tolerance; but even then, they have different interpretations of this heritage. John Stuart Mill, a paradigmatic political liberal, was mostly a classical liberal, but had socialist influences from his wife that some political liberals embrace whereas classical liberals reject them. Gladstone, a political liberal, was influenced by his correspondance with Lord Acton, a classical liberal.
Since late nineteenth century, english political liberals seem to have identified with some kind of social-democracy (see Liberal Democrats) as a moderate way between conservatism and socialism. In the UK, liberalism is generally connected with the history of the and the "moderation" sense of the word liberal.
In the United States, starting with the increase in size of government with the Great Depression during the 1930s, political liberals advocated government programs as a solution to many economic and societal problems. Political liberals and the word "liberalism" in the USA has thus become synonym with the most extreme form of social democracy, or even to socialism.
Attempts to fit the evolutions of political liberalism as an extension of the classic tradition of liberal thought has led such political liberal thinkers to invent new liberalism in the 1930s. Classical liberals consider that the amends to liberal doctrines to allow for extended government intervention in economic matters are actually utter negation of basic liberal tenets, and rather call that revisionist liberalism. Recently, many social-democrats have tried to find within classical liberalism a separation between political liberalism and economic liberalism, so as to be able to agree with one and disagree with the other. Classical liberals reject such a division, because they assert their tradition is based neither on an economic nor on a political doctrine, but rather on a theory of law. In any case, modern political liberal thinkers tend to not claim any particular filiation with the classical liberal school of thought, and rather to insist on their endorsement of political liberals governments of the nineteenth century.
Finally, in some countries, particularly european countries, where historical liberal parties suffered complete demise or interdiction by a communist regime, the renewed liberal parties that emerged tended to return to the classical liberal influence stripped of most of the social-democrat distortion. The political programmes of liberal parties are thus some forms of minarchism that classical liberals view as much friendlier to their ideas than what proposes any other party, but doesn't match either the diversity of their opinions (see anarcho-capitalism) or the strictness of their anti-political claims (see libertarianism).
Confusion of words[edit]
The word "liberalism" in the USA conveys some extreme form of social democracy, quite opposite to the classical liberal tradition.
To differentiate the two traditions, classical liberals in the USA now call themselves "libertarians". But this in turn causes confusion in other countries, where the word libertarian was traditionally used to denote some kind of left anarchism.
Attempts by UK conservatives to use the term "liberal" in the American sense as a derisory term for people they don't like has caused a fair degree of confusion. See Looking for an Enemy.
In continental Europe where liberal parties tend to defend classical liberal tenets, the term "liberal" is less confusing, but those who feel part of the classical school of thought rather than to any political party insist on being "classical" or genuine liberals.
External Links and References[edit]
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Liberalism, Gerald F. Gaus a comprehensive description of liberalism
Fare: you've gotta limit yourself to specific, confirmable information. Also, remember that we don't have to have a discussion about confusion of terms or debate about the value of sociopolitical ideologies on every single page related to this topic. Such a discussion should appear once. --TheCunctator
Fare: I agree that there should be only one page with this discussion. Presumably under liberalism/different meanings, as with capitalism/different meanings. Maybe there ought to be a wikipedia-wide standard name for such subpages. I can use to do the same with anarchism, conservatism, and a wealth of ideological terms, that all have lots of different meanings, since they are often used as attractive or repulsive keywords by many different groups. On a different note, your identification of libertarianism with minarchism is just plain wrong. They are different.
I'm trying to make this page into a dispatch page, listing briefly the various usages of the word, pointing to other pages for details, and discussing the evolution of the meaning. -- 80.65.225.191 02:25 Apr 25, 2003 (UTC)
It is wrong to define Liberalism as a ideology starting in the English and French revolution. For instance, the roots of the Whig party, which later became english liberal party did start with the english revolution, but did not take the name liberal until much later, and never had a fixed ideology. During the english revolution, the classical liberal "party" was the Levellers. Then, during the French revolution, we can distinguish at least two very different tendancies, and it was always the statist tendency that would crush by force the classical liberal tendency. The Girondins have been crushed by the Jacobins (and the socialist among them, the Montagnards). People like Benjamin Constant and Destutt de Tracy were always in the opposition. Yet, in the end, socialism left more scars than lasting positive results, whereas the liberal part of the revolution remained. In any case, what I meant is that while it would be interesting to have a page about the compared history of the many "liberalisms", it is wrong to try to summarize this history in an approximative date. You might as well say that the first known (classical) liberal thinker is Lao Tse. Finally, I've read somewhere that it is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations that popularized (and even introduced?) the term Liberal in its classical ideological meaning. I ought to double-check before I include that in the article. -- Faré 09:27 May 2, 2003 (UTC)
We need more information about the Radicals. The contributions of the Whigs and the Peelites to the Liberal Party is well documented, but the involvement of the Radicals is seldom talked about.
Look, can we really equate "social democracy" with "modern liberalism"? Of course, there's a lot of similarity in basic goals (targeted state-based provision of services without the need for radical restructure), but I always thought that the mark of distinction between a social democratic party and a "modern" or "small l" liberal party was affiliation (and i mean close ties, having an influence in policy development) with the trade union movement. Most liberals tend to support small business against unions, and some consider big unions as just as bothersome as big business. Lacrimosus 22:56, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
Integration of the articles political liberalism and liberalism with their talk pages[edit]
I am planning to integrate the pages on political liberalism and on liberalism into one page, whereby I would try to integrate also the text of the talk page liberalism. I would also merge the talk pages. Gangulf 11:06, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)