List of snakes of Trinidad and Tobago
Forty-seven species of snake have been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago, making the snake population of this area the most diverse in the Caribbean. Forty-four of these snake species are found in Trinidad and twenty-one in Tobago. Many of these species are South American, most of which are present in Venezuela. Trinidad and Tobago consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and several smaller islands. The Bocas Islands, which lie between Trinidad and Venezuela, in the Bocas del Dragón (Dragon's Mouths), consist of Chacachacare, Monos, Huevos and Gaspar Grande. Several smaller islands lie off Trinidad, but snakes have been recorded on only one of them, Caledonia Island. Snakes have been recorded on one island off Tobago, Little Tobago. Four species are venomous: two coral snake species (Micrurus spp.[note 1]), the fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox) and the South American bushmaster (Lachesis muta). The common coral (Micrurus fulvius) is found on at least two of the Bocas Islands: Gaspar Grande and Monos. No venomous snakes inhabit Tobago.
Anomalepididae
[edit]Anomalepididae is a family of nonvenomous snakes native to Central and South America. They are similar to Typhlopidae, except that some species possess a single tooth in the lower jaw. One possible species has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Helminthophis cf. flavoterminatus[note 2][1] | Yellow-headed ground puppy; Trinidadian dawn blind snake | Yes[1] | No | No | No |
Leptotyphlopidae
[edit]Leptotyphlopidae is a family of snakes found in North and South America, Africa, and Asia. All are fossorial and adapted to burrowing, feeding on ants and termites. One species has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epictia tenella | Guyana blind snake | Yes[2] | No | No | No |
Typhlopidae
[edit]Typhlopidae is a family of blind snakes found mostly in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. Two species have been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amerotyphlops brongersmianus | Brongersma's worm snake | Yes[3] | No | No | No |
Amerotyphlops trinitatus[note 3][4] | Trinidad burrowing snake | Yes[4] | Yes[4] | No | No |
Aniliidae
[edit]Aniliidae is a monotypic family created for the monotypic genus Anilius, which means that there is only one species in the entire family. This species is A. scytale, found in South America.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anilus scytale scytale[note 4] | Burrowing false coral; rouleau | Yes[5] | No | No | No |
Boidae
[edit]Boidae is a family of non-venomous snakes found in America, Africa, Europe, Asia and some Pacific Islands, containing the boas. Four species have been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boa constrictor constrictor | Macajuel, boa constrictor | Yes[6] | Yes[6] | Yes[note 5][6] | No |
Corallus ruschenbergerii | Cascabel dormillon; Cook's tree boa | Yes[7] | Yes[7] | No | No |
Epicrates cenchria maurus | Rainbow boa | Yes[8] | Yes[8] | Yes[note 6][8] | No |
Eunectes murinus gigas | Green anaconda | Yes[9] | No | No | No |
Family Colubridae
[edit]Colubridae is a family of snakes comprising about two thirds of all snake species on earth. Colubrid species are found on every continent, except Antarctica.[10] Species from three subfamilies are found in Trinidad and Tobago.
Subfamily Xenodontinae
[edit]Xenodontinae is a subfamily of snakes within the family Colubridae that includes mud snakes and New World hognose snakes.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liophis cobellus cobellus | Mangrove snake, mangrove mapepire | Yes[11] | No | No | No |
Liophis melanotus nesos[note 7] | Beh belle chemin, doctor snake | Yes[12] | Yes[12] | Yes[12] | No |
Liophis reginae zweifeli | High woods coral | Yes[13] | Yes[13] | No | No |
Oxyrhopus petola petola | False coral | Yes[14] | Yes[14] | No | No |
Pseudoboa neuwiedii | Ratonel | Yes[15] | Yes[15] | Yes[note 8][15] | No |
Siphlophis cervinus | Checkerbelly | Yes[16] | No | No | No |
Siphlophis compressus | Tropical flat snake | Yes | No | No | No |
Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi | Striped swamp snake | Yes[17][18] | No | No | No |
Tripanurgos compressus | Mapepire de fe, false coral | Yes[19] | No | No | No |
Subfamily Dipsadinae
[edit]Dipsadinae is a subfamily of snakes within the family Colubridae that includes cat-eyed snakes, night snakes, and black-striped snakes.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atractus fuliginosus | Hallowell's ground snake | No | Yes[20] | No | No |
Atractus trilineatus | Three-lined ground snake | Yes[21] | Yes[21] | ?[note 9] | No |
Atractus cf. univittatus[note 10] | Tobago one-lined snake | No | Yes[22] | No | No |
Clelia clelia clelia | Black cribo, mussurana | Yes[23] | No | Yes[note 11][23] | No |
Dipsas variegata trinitatis[note 12] | Snail-eating snake | Yes[24] | No | No | No |
Erythrolamprus aesculapii[note 13] | False coral | Yes[25] | No | No | No |
Erythrolamprus bizona[note 14] | False coral | Yes[26] | No | No | No |
Erythrolamprus cobella | Mangrove snake | Yes[27] | No | No | No |
Erythrolamprus melanotus | Black-backed snake | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Erythrolamprus ocellatus[note 15] | Tobago false coral, red snake | No | Yes[28] | No | No |
Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae | Tobago stream snake | No | Yes[29] | No | No |
Erythrolamprus zweifeli | Zweifel's ground snake | Yes[30] | No | No | No |
Helicops angulatus | Water mapepire, brown-banded water snake | Yes[31] | No | No | No |
Hydrops triangularis neglectus | Water coral | Yes[32] | No | No | No |
Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa | Mapepire corde violon, fiddle-string snake | Yes[33] | Yes[33] | No | No |
Leptodeira annulata ashmeadi | False mapepire, cat-eyed night snake | Yes[34] | Yes[34] | Yes[note 16][34] | No |
Ninia atrata | Red-nape snake, ring neck snake | Yes[35] | Yes[35] | No | No |
Ninia franciscoi | Trinidad coffeesnake | Yes | No | No | No |
Sibon nebulata nebulata | Clouded snake | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | Yes[note 17][36] | No |
Subfamily Colubrinae
[edit]Colubrinae is the largest subfamily of colubrids, and includes rat snakes, king snakes, milk snakes, vine snakes and indigo snakes.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chironius carinatus carinatus | Machete savane, yellow machete | Yes[37] | No | No | No |
Chironius multiventris septentrionalis | Long-tailed machete savane | Yes[38] | No | No | No |
Chironius scurrulus[note 18] | Smooth machete savane | Yes[39] | No | No | No |
Drymarchon corais corais | Yellow-tailed cribo | Yes[40] | Yes[40] | Yes[note 19][40] | No |
Leptophis ahaetulla coeruleodorus | Lora, parrot snake | Yes[41] | Yes[41] | No | No |
Leptophis stimsoni[note 20] | Grey lora | Yes[42] | No | No | No |
Mastigodryas amarali | Amaral's tropical racer | Yes[43] | Yes[43] | No | No |
Mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti | Machete couesse | Yes[44] | No | Yes[note 21][44] | Yes[44] |
Mastigodryas boddaerti dunni[note 22] | Machete couesse | No | Yes[45] | No | Yes[45] |
Oxybelis rutherfordi | Horsewhip | Yes[46] | Yes[46] | Yes[note 23][46] | No |
Phrynonax polylepis | Olivaceous bird snake, cutlah | Yes | No | No | No |
Pseustes poecilonotus polylepis | Dos cocorite | Yes[47] | No | No | No |
Pseustes sulphureus sulphureus | Yellow-bellied puffing snake | Yes[48] | No | No | No |
Spilotes pullatus pullatus | Tigre, chicken snake | Yes[49] | Yes[49] | No | No |
Tantilla melanocephala | Black-headed snake | Yes[50] | Yes[50] | Yes[note 24][50] | No |
Family Elapidae
[edit]Elapidae is a family of venomous snakes found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Two species are found in Trinidad and Tobago.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Micrurus diutius | Trinidad ribbon coral snake | Yes[51] | No | No | No |
Micrurus circinalis | Large coral snake | Yes[52] | No | Yes[note 25][53][54] | No |
Family Viperidae
[edit]Viperidae is a family of venomous snakes found all over the world, except for Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Madagascar, Hawaii and the Arctic Circle. All have relatively long hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of venom. Two species are found in Trinidad and Tobago.
Species | Common name | Trinidad | Tobago | Bocas Is. | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bothrops atrox | Mapepire balsain, fer-de-lance | Yes[55] | No | No | No |
Lachesis muta muta | Mapepire zanana, mapepire z'ananas, bushmaster | Yes[56] | No | No | No |
See also
[edit]- Environment of Trinidad and Tobago
- List of birds of Trinidad and Tobago
- List of butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago
- List of reptiles of Trinidad and Tobago
Notes
[edit]- ^ The abbreviation "sp." indicates a single species and the abbreviation "spp." indicates multiple species.
- ^ Helminthophis sp. is known from a single collection. It may represent an undescribed species since none of the three described species are known from adjacent portions of Venezuela
- ^ Typhlops trinitatus is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago.
- ^ Anilus scytale scytale is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Boa constrictor constrictor has been recorded from the islands of Monos and Gaspar Grande.
- ^ Epicrates cenchria maurus has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare, but the report has not been confirmed with a specimen.
- ^ Liophis melanotus nesos has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare and is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Pseudoboa neuwiedii has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare.
- ^ Atractus trilineatus has been reported from the island of Huevos, but Boos (2001) considered this record to be doubtful.
- ^ Atractus cf. univittatus is known from a single collection in Tobago. It has affinities with A. univittatus, but may be an undescribed species.
- ^ Clelia clelia clelia has been recorded from the island of Chacachacare, but the report has not been confirmed with a specimen.
- ^ Dipsas variegata trinitatis is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Erythrolamprus aesculapii is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Erythrolamprus bizona is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Erythrolamprus ocellatus is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Leptodeira annulata ashmeadi has been recorded from the islands of Gaspar Grande and Huevos.
- ^ Sibon nebulata nebulata has been recorded from the island of Huevos.
- ^ Chironius scurrulus is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Drymarchon corais corais has been recorded from the island of Monos.
- ^ Leptophis stimsoni is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti has been recorded from the islands of Monos, Gaspar Grande, Chacachacare, Huevos, and Caledonia.
- ^ Mastigodryas boddaerti dunni has been recorded from the island of Little Tobago and is only known in Trinidad and Tobago from a single collection.
- ^ Oxybelis aeneus has been recorded from the islands of Chacachacare and Huevos.
- ^ Tantilla melanocephala has been recorded from the island of Huevos.
- ^ Micrurus circinalis has been recorded from the islands of Gaspar Grande (Boos 2001) and Monos (Charles & Smith 2009).
References
[edit]All information is based on Boos (2001) unless otherwise stated.
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 43
- ^ Epictia tenella · BioDiversity4All
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 44
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 45
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 46
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 50
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 60
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 64
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 67
- ^ Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 98
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 99
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 100
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 102
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 103
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 106
- ^ Boos (2001), pp. 107–109
- ^ Bailey, Joseph R.; Robert A. Thomas (2006). "A revision of the South American snake genus Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830 (Serpentes: Colubridae, Tachymenini). II. Three new species from northern South America, with further descriptions of Thamnodynastes gambotensis Pérez-Santos and Moreno and Thamnodynastes ramonriveroi Manzanilla and Sánchez". Memoria de la Fundación la Salle de Ciencias Naturales. 66 (166): 7–27. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 109
- ^ Atractus fuliginosus · BioDiversity4All
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 110
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 112
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 85
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 113
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 88
- ^ Boos (2001), pp. 89–93
- ^ Erythrolamprus cobella · BioDiversity4All
- ^ Boos (2001), pp. 93–95
- ^ Erythrolamprus pseudoreginae · iNaturalist United Kingdom
- ^ Erythrolamprus zweifeli · BioDiversity4All
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 96
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 97
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 114
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 115
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 117
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 118
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 119
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 121
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 122
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 123
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 125
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 126
- ^ a b Mastigodryas amarali | The Reptile Database
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 128
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 130
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 133
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 136
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 138
- ^ a b Boos (2001), p. 140
- ^ a b c Boos (2001), p. 142
- ^ Trinidad Ribbon Coral Snake (Micrurus diutius) · iNaturalist
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 146
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 144
- ^ Charles, Stevland P.; Stephen Smith (2009). "A New Locality Record for the Coral Snake, Micrurus circinalis (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae) on Monos Island, Trinidad and Tobago" (PDF). Living World, Journal of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists' Club: 41–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2012.
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 156
- ^ Boos (2001), p. 167
Bibliography
[edit]- Boos, Hans E.A. (2001). The snakes of Trinidad and Tobago. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. ISBN 1-58544-116-3.
External links
[edit]- Medicinal and ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidad from BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (BioMed Central).