Karachay-Balkar
| Karachay–Balkar | |
|---|---|
| къарачай-малкъар тил таулу тил | |
 | |
| Native to | North Caucasus |
| Region | Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, Turkey |
| Ethnicity | Karachays, Balkars |
Native speakers | 310,000 in Russia (2010 census)[1] |
Turkic
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Cyrillic Latin in diaspora | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Kabardino-Balkaria (Russia) Karachay-Cherkessia (Russia) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | krc |
| ISO 639-3 | krc |
| Glottolog | kara1465 |
 | |
 Karachay–Balkar is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger [2] | |
Karachay–Balkar (Къарачай-Малкъар тил, Qaraçay-Malqar tıl), or Mountain Turkic[3][4] (Таулу тил, Taw-lụk[5] tıl), is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay-Baksan-Chegem, which pronounces two phonemes as /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ and Malkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as /ts/ and /z/. The modern Karachay–Balkar written language is based on the Karachay–Baksan–Chegem dialect. The language is closely related to Kumyk.[6]
Writing[edit]
Historically, the Arabic alphabet had been used by first writers until 1924. Handwritten manuscripts of the Balkar poet Kazim Mechiev and other examples of literature have been preserved to this day. First printed books in Karachay–Balkar were published in the beginning of the 20th century.
After the October Revolution as part of a state campaign of Latinisation Karachay and Balkar educators developed a new alphabet based on Latin letters. In the 1930s, the official Soviet policy was revised and the process of Cyrillization of Soviet languages was started. In 1937–38 the new alphabet based on Cyrillic letters was officially adopted.
Alphabet[edit]
Modern Karachay–Balkar Cyrillic alphabet:
| А а /a/ |
Б б /b/ |
В в /v/ |
Г г /g/ |
Гъ гъ |
Д д /d/ |
Дж дж /dʒ/ |
Е е /je/ |
| Ё ё /ø, jo/ |
Ж ж** /ʒ/ |
З з /z/ |
И и /i/ |
Й й /j/ |
К к /k/ |
Къ къ /q/ |
Л л /l/ |
| М м /m/ |
Н н /n/ |
Нг нг /ŋ/ |
О о /o/ |
П п /p/ |
Р р /r/ |
С с /s/ |
Т т /t/ |
| У у /u, w/ |
Ф ф* /f/ |
Х х /x/ |
Ц ц /ts/ |
Ч ч /tʃ/ |
Ш ш /ʃ/ |
Щ щ | |
| ъ |
Ы ы /ɯ/ |
ь |
Э э /e/ |
Ю ю /y, ju/ |
Я я /ja/ |
- * Not found in native vocabulary
In Kabardino-Balkaria, they write ж instead of дж, while in Karachay-Cherkessia, they write нъ instead of нг. In some publications, especially during the Soviet period, the letter у́ or ў is used for the sound IPA: [w].
Karachay–Balkar Latin alphabet:
| A a | B в | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f | G g |
| Ƣ ƣ | I i | J j | K k | Q q | L l | M m | N n |
| Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ө ө | P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t |
| Ь ь | U u | V v | Y y | X x | Z z | Ƶ ƶ |
Comparison chart[edit]
| Arabic (1920–1924) |
Latin (1924–1938) |
Cyrillic (1961–1964) |
Cyrillic (1937–1961), (1964–present) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ا | A a | А а | А а |
| ب | B в | Б б | Б б |
| و | V v | В в | В в |
| گ | G g | Г г | Г г |
| غ | Ƣ ƣ | Ғ ғ | Гъ гъ |
| د | D d | Д д | Д д |
| ە | E e | Е е | Е е |
| ۆ | Ө ө | Ө ө, Ё ё | Ё ё |
| ژ | Ƶ ƶ | Ж ж | Ж ж |
| ج | Ç ç | Җ җ | Дж дж (Ж ж) |
| ز | Z z | З з | З з |
| ي | I i | И и | И и |
| ي | J j | Й й | Й й |
| ك, ک | K k | К к | К к |
| ق | Q q | Қ қ | Къ къ |
| ل | L l | Л л | Л л |
| م | M m | М м | М м |
| ن | N n | Н н | Н н |
| ڭ, ݣ | Ꞑ ꞑ | Ң ң | Нг нг (Нъ нъ) |
| وٓ | O o | О о | О о |
| پ | P p | П п | П п |
| ر | R r | Р р | Р р |
| س | S s | С с | С с |
| ت | T t | Т т | Т т |
| و | U u | У у | У у |
| و | W w | Ў ў | У у (Ў ў, У́ у́) |
| ف | F f | Ф ф | Ф ф |
| خ | X x | Х х | Х х |
| ح | H h | Һ һ | - |
| — | S̷ s̷ | Ц ц | Ц ц |
| چ | C c | Ч ч | Ч ч |
| ش | Ş ş | Ш ш | Ш ш |
| — | — | Щ щ | Щ щ |
| — | — | ъ | ъ |
| ىٕ |  
|
Ы ы | Ы ы |
| — | — | ь | ь |
| ئە, اە | E e | Э э | Э э |
| ۉ | Y y | Ү ү, Ю ю | Ю ю |
| - | - | Я я | Я я |
Phonology[edit]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | ɯ u |
| Mid | e ø | o |
| Open | ɑ |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | (q) (ɢ) | ||
| Fricative | [f] | s z | ʃ | x (ɣ) | h | |
| Affricate | [ts] | tʃ dʒ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Liquid | l r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j |
Parentheses indicate allophones, brackets indicate phonemes from loanwords.
Grammar[edit]
Nominals[edit]
Cases[edit]
| Case | Suffix |
|---|---|
| Nominative | -ø |
| Accusative | -НИ |
| Genitive | -НИ |
| Dative | -ГА |
| Locative | -ДА |
| Ablative | -дан |
Possessive suffixes[edit]
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | -им | -ибиз |
| 2nd person | -инг | -игиз |
| 3rd person | -(s)I(n) | -(s)I(n) |
Language example[edit]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Karachay–Balkar:
| In Cyrillic | In Cyrillic (1961-1964) | Transliteration | Yañalif | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Бютеу адамла эркин болуб эмда сыйлары бла хакълары тенг болуб тууадыла. Алагъа акъыл бла намыс берилгенди эмда бир-бирлерине къарнашлыкъ халда къараргъа керекдиле. | Бүтеу адамла эркин болуб эмда сыйлары бла хақлары тең болуб тууадыла. Алаға ақыл бла намыс берилгенди эмда бир-бирлерине қарнашлық халда қарарға керекдиле. | Bütew adamla erkin bolub emda sıyları bla haqları teñ bolub tuwadıla. Alağa aqıl bla namıs berilgendi emda bir-birlerine qarnaşlıq halda qararğa kerekdile. | Byteu adamla erkin ʙoluʙ emda sьjlarь ʙla xalqlarь teꞑ ʙoluʙ tuuadьla. Alaƣa aqьl ʙla namьs ʙerilgendi emda ʙir-ʙirlerine qarnaşlьq xalda qararƣa kerekdile. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Latin script version[edit]
Bible in Karachay-Balkar
1: İsrailde sülüle onou etgen zamannı bir keziyüñde qıralğa açlıq kelgendi. Yahudanı cerindegi Beytlehem şaharda bir adam üy biysesı bla, eki caşı bla da Moab qıralına caşarğa ketgendi.
2: Ol adamnı adı Elimelek edi, üy biysesini – Naymat, eki caşını da – Mahlon bla Kilion. Ala Yahudanı qıralında bolğan Beytlehem şahardan Efrat taypasından edile. Ala, Moabqa kelip, anda caşag'andila.
3: Talay zamandan Naymatnı baş iesi, Elimelek, ölüp, ol eki caşı bla qalğandı.
4: Ala moablı tişirüvlag'a üylengendiyle, birini adı – Orpa, birsini – Rut. Ala anda on yılğa juuıq caşag'andan sora,
5: Mahlon bla Kilion da ölğendile, alay bla Naymat baş iesiz da, caşsız da qalğandı.
6: Naymat Moabda bolğanda, RABBİY kesini halqına boluşurğa kelgenin, bay tirlik bergenin eşitedi, emda kelinleri bla üyüne qaytırğa hazırlanadı.
7: Ala bla birge ol, caşag'an cerin qoyup, alanı arṭha, Yahudanı cerine eltirik yolğa çığadı.
8: Colda ua Naymat kelinlerine bılay aytadı: – Ekiğiz da ata üylerigizge qaytıñız. Siz ölgen baş ielerigiz bla maña haterli bolğança, RABBİY sizge haterli bolsun.
9: RABBİY sizni har birigizge da cañğı baş ielerigizni cürtlarda ırahatlıq tapdırısın. Sora alanı uppa etdi. Ala qatı jılayıp.
10: Anğa – Biz seni bla birge seni halqıñğa barlıqbız, – dedile.
Translate[edit]
1 In the days when the judges ruled, there was a famine in the land. And a certain man went from Bethlehem of Judah with his wife and his two sons to live in the fields of Moab.
2: The name of the man was Elimelech, the name of his wife was Naomi, and the names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chileon; they were Ephrathites from Bethlehem of Judah. And they came to the fields of Moab and stayed there
3 And Naomi's husband Elimelech died, and she was left with her two sons.
4 They took themselves Moabite wives, one named Orpah and the other named Ruth, and lived there about ten years.
5 But then both her sons, Mahlon and Chileon, died, and the woman remained after both her sons and after her husband
6 And she arose with her daughters-in-law and went back from the fields of Moab, for she heard in the fields of Moab that God had visited his people and given them bread.
7 And she left the place where she had been living, and her two daughters-in-law with her. As they walked along the road returning to the land of Judah,
8 Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, “Go, return each to your mother’s house.” May the Lord show mercy to you, as you did to the dead and to me!
9 May the Lord grant you that you may find refuge, each in her husband’s house! And kissed them. But they raised a cry and cried
10 And they said, No, you and I will return to your people. [8]
Numerals[edit]
| Numeral | Karachay–Balkar | Kumyk | Nogay |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ноль | ноль | ноль |
| 1 | бир | бир | бир |
| 2 | эки | эки | эки |
| 3 | юч | уьч | уьш |
| 4 | тёрт | дёрт | доьрт |
| 5 | беш | беш | бес |
| 6 | алты | алты | алты |
| 7 | джети | етти | йети |
| 8 | сегиз | сегиз | сегиз |
| 9 | тогъуз | тогъуз | тогыз |
| 10 | он | он | он |
| 100 | бир джюз | бир юз | бир юз |
Loanwords[edit]
Loanwords from Russian, Ossetian, Kabardian, Arabic, and Persian are fairly numerous.[6]
In popular culture[edit]
Russian filmmaker Andrei Proshkin used Karachay–Balkar for The Horde, believing that it might be the closest language to the original Kipchak language which was spoken during the Golden Horde.[9]
Bibliography[edit]
- Chodiyor Doniyorov and Saodat Doniyorova. Parlons Karatchay-Balkar. Paris: Harmattan, 2005. ISBN 2-7475-9577-3.
- Steve Seegmiller (1996) Karachay (LINCOM)
References[edit]
- ^ Row 102 in Приложение 6: Население Российской Федерации по владению языками [Appendix 6: Population of the Russian Federation by languages used] (XLS) (in Russian). Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service).
- ^ "World Atlas of Languages: Karachay-Balkar". en.wal.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
- ^ Rudolf Loewenthal (2011). The Turkic Languages and Literatures of Central Asia: A Bibliography. p. 83.
- ^ Языки мира: Тюркские языки (in Russian). Vol. 2. Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. p. 526.
- ^ The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. p. 110.
- ^ a b Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2013). Compendium of the World Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1362-5846-6. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ a b Seegmiller, Steve. Phonological and Orthographical Information in Dictionaries: The Case of Pröhle's Karachay Glossary and its Successors.
- ^ "text | ibt.org.ru". ibt.org.ru. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
- ^ "Максим Суханов стал митрополитом" (in Russian). 14 September 2010.
External links[edit]
- Russian-Karachay-Balkar On-Line Dictionary (a)
- Russian-Karachay-Balkar On-Line Dictionary (b)
- "Заман" newspaper
- "Къарачай" newspaper
- "Минги Тау" magazine
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